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2177 – Neuroanatomical Changes Associated With Subthreshold Depression In Adolescents
- H. Vulser, M.-L. Paillere-Martinot, H. Lemaitre, R. Miranda, E. Artiges, R. Goodman, J. Penttilä, M. Struve, T. Fadai, V. Kappel, L. Poustka, P. Conrod, T. Banaschewski, A. Barbot, G.J. Barker, C. Büchel, H. Flor, J. Gallinat, H. Garavan, A. Heinz, B. Ittermann, C. Lawrence, E. Loth, K. Mann, T. Paus, Z. Pausova, M. Rietschel, T.W. Robbins, M. Smolka, G. Schumann, J.-L. Martinot, IMAGEN Consortium
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 28 / Issue S1 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, 28-E1340
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Introduction
Although neuroimaging studies suggest brain regional abnormalities in depressive disorders, it remains unclear whether abnormalities are present at illness onset or reflect disease progression.
ObjectivesWe hypothesized that cerebral variations were present in adolescents with subthreshold depression known to be at high risk for later full-blown depression.
AimsWe examined brain structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of adolescents with subthreshold depression.
MethodsThe participants were extracted from the European IMAGEN study cohort of healthy adolescents recruited at age 14. Subthreshold depression was defined as a distinct period of abnormally depressed or irritable mood, or loss of interest, plus two or more depressive symptoms but without diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode. Comparisons were performed between adolescents meeting these criteria and control adolescents within the T1-weighted imaging modality (118 and 475 adolescents respectively) using voxel-based morphometry and the diffusion tensor imaging modality (89 ad 422 adolescents respectively) using tract-based spatial statistics. Whole brain analyses were performed with a statistical threshold set to p< 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons.
ResultsCompared with controls, adolescents with subthreshold depression had smaller gray matter volume in caudate nuclei, medial frontal and cingulate cortices; smaller white matter volume in anterior limb of internal capsules, left forceps minor and right cingulum; and lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity in the genu of corpus callosum.
ConclusionsThe findings suggest that adolescents with subthreshold depression have volumetric and microstructural gray and white matter changes in the emotion regulation frontal-striatal-limbic network.
Contributors
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- By Rony A. Adam, Gloria Bachmann, Nichole M. Barker, Randall B. Barnes, John Bennett, Inbar Ben-Shachar, Jonathan S. Berek, Sarah L. Berga, Monica W. Best, Eric J. Bieber, Frank M. Biro, Shan Biscette, Anita K. Blanchard, Candace Brown, Ronald T. Burkman, Joseph Buscema, John E. Buster, Michael Byas-Smith, Sandra Ann Carson, Judy C. Chang, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Mindy S. Christianson, Karishma Circelli, Daniel L. Clarke-Pearson, Larry J. Copeland, Bryan D. Cowan, Navneet Dhillon, Michael P. Diamond, Conception Diaz-Arrastia, Nicole M. Donnellan, Michael L. Eisenberg, Eric Eisenhauer, Sebastian Faro, J. Stuart Ferriss, Lisa C. Flowers, Susan J. Freeman, Leda Gattoc, Claudine Marie Gayle, Timothy M. Geiger, Jennifer S. Gell, Alan N. Gordon, Victoria L. Green, Jon K. Hathaway, Enrique Hernandez, S. Paige Hertweck, Randall S. Hines, Ira R. Horowitz, Fred M. Howard, William W. Hurd, Fidan Israfilbayli, Denise J. Jamieson, Carolyn R. Jaslow, Erika B. Johnston-MacAnanny, Rohna M. Kearney, Namita Khanna, Caroline C. King, Jeremy A. King, Ira J. Kodner, Tamara Kolev, Athena P. Kourtis, S. Robert Kovac, Ertug Kovanci, William H. Kutteh, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Pallavi Latthe, Herschel W. Lawson, Ronald L. Levine, Frank W. Ling, Larry I. Lipshultz, Steven D. McCarus, Robert McLellan, Shruti Malik, Suketu M. Mansuria, Mohamed K. Mehasseb, Pamela J. Murray, Saloney Nazeer, Farr R. Nezhat, Hextan Y. S. Ngan, Gina M. Northington, Peggy A. Norton, Ruth M. O'Regan, Kristiina Parviainen, Resad P. Pasic, Tanja Pejovic, K. Ulrich Petry, Nancy A. Phillips, Ashish Pradhan, Elizabeth E. Puscheck, Suneetha Rachaneni, Devon M. Ramaeker, David B. Redwine, Robert L. Reid, Carla P. Roberts, Walter Romano, Peter G. Rose, Robert L. Rosenfield, Shon P. Rowan, Mack T. Ruffin, Janice M. Rymer, Evis Sala, Ritu Salani, Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Mahmood I. Shafi, Roger P. Smith, Meredith L. Snook, Thomas E. Snyder, Mary D. Stephenson, Thomas G. Stovall, Richard L. Sweet, Philip M. Toozs-Hobson, Togas Tulandi, Elizabeth R. Unger, Denise S. Uyar, Marion S. Verp, Rahi Victory, Tamara J. Vokes, Michelle J. Washington, Katharine O'Connell White, Paul E. Wise, Frank M. Wittmaack, Miya P. Yamamoto, Christine Yu, Howard A. Zacur
- Edited by Eric J. Bieber, Joseph S. Sanfilippo, University of Pittsburgh, Ira R. Horowitz, Emory University, Atlanta, Mahmood I. Shafi
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- Book:
- Clinical Gynecology
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
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- 23 April 2015, pp viii-xiv
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Resilience and corpus callosum microstructure in adolescence
- A. Galinowski, R. Miranda, H. Lemaitre, M.-L. Paillère Martinot, E. Artiges, H. Vulser, R. Goodman, J. Penttilä, M. Struve, A. Barbot, T. Fadai, L. Poustka, P. Conrod, T. Banaschewski, G. J. Barker, A. Bokde, U. Bromberg, C. Büchel, H. Flor, J. Gallinat, H. Garavan, A. Heinz, B. Ittermann, V. Kappel, C. Lawrence, E. Loth, K. Mann, F. Nees, T. Paus, Z. Pausova, J.-B. Poline, M. Rietschel, T. W. Robbins, M. Smolka, G. Schumann, J.-L. Martinot, the IMAGEN Consortium
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 45 / Issue 11 / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 March 2015, pp. 2285-2294
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Background
Resilience is the capacity of individuals to resist mental disorders despite exposure to stress. Little is known about its neural underpinnings. The putative variation of white-matter microstructure with resilience in adolescence, a critical period for brain maturation and onset of high-prevalence mental disorders, has not been assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) though, has been reported in the corpus callosum (CC), the brain's largest white-matter structure, in psychiatric and stress-related conditions. We hypothesized that higher FA in the CC would characterize stress-resilient adolescents.
MethodThree groups of adolescents recruited from the community were compared: resilient with low risk of mental disorder despite high exposure to lifetime stress (n = 55), at-risk of mental disorder exposed to the same level of stress (n = 68), and controls (n = 123). Personality was assessed by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Voxelwise statistics of DTI values in CC were obtained using tract-based spatial statistics. Regional projections were identified by probabilistic tractography.
ResultsHigher FA values were detected in the anterior CC of resilient compared to both non-resilient and control adolescents. FA values varied according to resilience capacity. Seed regional changes in anterior CC projected onto anterior cingulate and frontal cortex. Neuroticism and three other NEO-FFI factor scores differentiated non-resilient participants from the other two groups.
ConclusionHigh FA was detected in resilient adolescents in an anterior CC region projecting to frontal areas subserving cognitive resources. Psychiatric risk was associated with personality characteristics. Resilience in adolescence may be related to white-matter microstructure.
The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder: System Architecture and Specifications of the Boolardy Engineering Test Array
- A. W. Hotan, J. D. Bunton, L. Harvey-Smith, B. Humphreys, B. D. Jeffs, T. Shimwell, J. Tuthill, M. Voronkov, G. Allen, S. Amy, K. Ardern, P. Axtens, L. Ball, K. Bannister, S. Barker, T. Bateman, R. Beresford, D. Bock, R. Bolton, M. Bowen, B. Boyle, R. Braun, S. Broadhurst, D. Brodrick, K. Brooks, M. Brothers, A. Brown, C. Cantrall, G. Carrad, J. Chapman, W. Cheng, A. Chippendale, Y. Chung, F. Cooray, T. Cornwell, E. Davis, L. de Souza, D. DeBoer, P. Diamond, P. Edwards, R. Ekers, I. Feain, D. Ferris, R. Forsyth, R. Gough, A. Grancea, N. Gupta, J. C. Guzman, G. Hampson, C. Haskins, S. Hay, D. Hayman, S. Hoyle, C. Jacka, C. Jackson, S. Jackson, K. Jeganathan, S. Johnston, J. Joseph, R. Kendall, M. Kesteven, D. Kiraly, B. Koribalski, M. Leach, E. Lenc, E. Lensson, L. Li, S. Mackay, A. Macleod, T. Maher, M. Marquarding, N. McClure-Griffiths, D. McConnell, S. Mickle, P. Mirtschin, R. Norris, S. Neuhold, A. Ng, J. O’Sullivan, J. Pathikulangara, S. Pearce, C. Phillips, R. Y. Qiao, J. E. Reynolds, A. Rispler, P. Roberts, D. Roxby, A. Schinckel, R. Shaw, M. Shields, M. Storey, T. Sweetnam, E. Troup, B. Turner, A. Tzioumis, T. Westmeier, M. Whiting, C. Wilson, T. Wilson, K. Wormnes, X. Wu
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 31 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 November 2014, e041
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This paper describes the system architecture of a newly constructed radio telescope – the Boolardy engineering test array, which is a prototype of the Australian square kilometre array pathfinder telescope. Phased array feed technology is used to form multiple simultaneous beams per antenna, providing astronomers with unprecedented survey speed. The test array described here is a six-antenna interferometer, fitted with prototype signal processing hardware capable of forming at least nine dual-polarisation beams simultaneously, allowing several square degrees to be imaged in a single pointed observation. The main purpose of the test array is to develop beamforming and wide-field calibration methods for use with the full telescope, but it will also be capable of limited early science demonstrations.
The Yeast Flora of Bottled Ciders
- Elsie B. Pearce, B. T. P. Barker
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / December 1908
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 55-79
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The work described in this paper deals exclusively with the yeast flora of certain bottled ciders. It was undertaken as a section of an extensive scheme of investigation of the organisms which are concerned in the fermentation of English-made ciders. Apart from the more purely biological side of the question the main objects of the whole scheme are to determine how far the customary method of conducting the fermentation of cider in this country is satisfactory, and whether it could be improved, from a practical point of view, by certain modifications or by the substitution of other processes, such, for example, as the use of selected yeasts.
Further Observations on the Fungicidal Action of Bordeaux Mixtures
- B. T. P. Barker, C. T. Gimingam
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / May 1914
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 220-232
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In earlier papers (this Journal, vol. IV. pp. 69 and 76) we have detailed the experimental evidence which led us to conclude (1) that the view as to the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixtures favoured by Pickering, viz. the liberation of copper sulphate by atmospheric carbon dioxide, is untenable; and (2) that contact between the fungus and the copper compound present in the mixture will account largely for its efficiency owing to a solvent action on the part of the organism under certain conditions. Pickering (this Journal, V. p. 273) has criticised our general conclusions and the deductions which we have drawn from certain of our experiments; and therefore before describing our further work on the subject, a brief reference to some of the points which he has raised is desirable.
The Fungicidal Action of Bordeaux Mixtures.
- B. T. P. Barker, C. T. Gimingham
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 4 / Issue 1 / May 1911
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 76-94
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The mixture of copper sulphate and lime universally known as Bordeaux mixture has been in common use as a fungicide in many countries for some time; but it is still uncertain by what means such a mixture, containing no soluble copper, is effective. It has undoubtedly a physiological effect upon plants on to which it is sprayed, and may increase their powers of resistance to the attack of parasites; but in addition to this, there appears to be a direct fungicidal action which requires explanation.
Cider Sickness
- B. T. P. Barker, V. Florian Hillier
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / October 1912
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 67-85
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The present paper deals with the results of an investigation on a serious and common disorder of cider, generally known as cider sickness. The account here given is concerned with its characteristic features, its cause, and, as far as present knowledge permits, methods for its prevention. The disorder is due to the action of a bacterium. It is proposed to give a detailed account of the organism and its chemical activities in a supplementary paper.
The Rate of Fermentation of Ciders and Perries
- B. T. P. Barker
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / December 1908
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 1-21
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The results of the work may be briefly summarised as follows:
(a) The rate of fermentation of ciders and perries made from different varieties of vintage fruit varies considerably.
(b) There is probably a relation between the rate of fermentation and the variety of fruit from which the cider or perry is made. Certain varieties, for instance, as a rule yield juices which ferment slowly, while others give juices which generally ferment at a rapid rate.
(c) The main factor in determining the rate of fermentation appears to be the nitrogenous matter present in the juice, which is assimilable by the yeast. The quantity of such substances present is generally insufficient for satisfactory nutrition of the yeast, and consequently the rate of fermentation is normally slower than would be the case if sufficient nitrogenous food were present to meet the full requirements of the yeast. The relative rates of fermentation of ciders and perries fermented under similar conditions are probably an index of the relative amounts of assimilable nitrogenous matter present.
(d) The state of ripeness of the fruit at the time of milling affects the rate of fermentation of the juice. During the course of ripening the rate becomes slower until a certain point is reached, which probably represents the period of perfect maturity of the fruit. Afterwards the rate increases in proportion as ripeness proceeds to decay. The degree of exposure of the fruit to direct sunlight also affects the rate of fermentation, the more exposed the fruit the slower the rate. In each case the result appears to be due to the quantity of assimilable nitrogenous matter in the juice being influenced.
(e) Direct influence on the rate of fermentation of the juice by any of the chemical constituents other than the nitrogenous substances has not been observed. If any have an influence, it is masked by other factors of greater importance. An indirect influence on the rate by the mucilaginous elements is occasionally met with, due to the formation of a clot which mechanically impedes the action of the organisms of fermentation.
(f) The rate of fermentation in practical cider-making does not appear to be materially affected by the fermentative powers of the kinds of yeast present in the juice. Normally there are present varieties which are capable of maintaining the fermentation at practically the maximum rate allowed by the nitrogenous constitution of the juice. “Dominant” fermentation with selected yeasts of high or low fermentative powers had comparatively little effect upon the rate.
(g) The aeration of the juice has a marked effect upon the rate of fermentation, the admission of air to the juice producing a decided increase in the rate.
(h) The temperature at which the fermentations are conducted affects the rate in the customary manner.
It is clear, therefore, that apart from the use of purely practical methods, e.g. filtration,—which it is not intended to consider here— a certain measure of control over the rate of fermentation of ciders and perries can be exercised by the cider maker, and that therefore the production of sweet and dry types of these beverages need not be more or less haphazard, as is commonly the case. By careful selection of the varieties of fruit used and by suitable blending of various types, combined with attention to the condition of ripeness of the fruit at the time of making, it should be possible to obtain a juice possessing the desired rate of fermentation, although some allowance for seasonal influences is necessary. These have not been considered above, as the work has not been extended over a sufficiently long period to allow of definite conclusions being drawn. At the same time it is fairly established that in some seasons the average rate of fermentation is much faster than in others. It would appear from the results as to the effect of direct sunlight as though the amount of sunshine during the period of ripening of the fruit upon the trees played an important part in seasonal influence. During the course of fermentation of the liquors the rate may be controlled to some extent by aeration and temperature.
Although the subject has been considered almost entirely from the point of view of the rate of fermentation, it should be mentioned that not only the rate but also the degree to which fermentation proceeds is involved. Although perhaps not invariably the case, as a rule fermentation can proceed to a further point in rapidly than in slowly fermenting juices. Accordingly no distinction has been made between them. In some cases the latter feature would more correctly express the facts than the former.
In conclusion I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to Mr James Watts for his kindness in placing his factory at my disposal for experiments with selected yeasts; to the many cider makers and others, who have rendered considerable assistance in the direction of obtaining different varieties of vintage fruit required for the work; and to the various members of the staff of the Institute, who have carried out the practical work in the cider house.
Amino acid composition of TopCross high-oil maize grain
- P. R. Thomison, D. J. Barker, A. B. Geyer, L. D. Lotz, H. J. Siegrist, T. L. Dobbels
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- Journal:
- Plant Genetic Resources / Volume 1 / Issue 2-3 / August 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 June 2007, pp. 89-95
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Increased amino acid content in high-oil maize (Zea mays L.) grain may add further value to its use in livestock rations, especially if this enhanced amino acid content is consistent across varying growing conditions. Most high-oil maize (HOM) grown in the USA utilizes the TopCross system which involves planting a blend (TC Blend) of two types of maize. Field experiments and on-farm studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to compare the amino acid profile of grain from HOM TC Blends with that of their normal-oil maize (NOM) counterparts across a range of production environments in Ohio. In 1997, the composition of four amino acids (lysine, methionine, glycine and arginine) was significantly higher in HOM compared to NOM grain. In 1998, nine amino acids (lysine, methionine, glycine, arginine, asparagine, threonine, serine, cysteine and tryptophan) were greater in HOM than in NOM grain. Lysine and methionine content in HOM grain averaged 12 and 13% higher than in NOM grain in both years. The number of amino acids significantly affected by the grain parent was greater than that for maize type each year. A significant maize type × grain parent interaction for a limited number of amino acids suggest that TC Blend grain parents may affect the consistency of amino acid composition in HOM grain. Results of this study demonstrate that the levels of several amino acids, including economically important lysine and methionine, were consistently greater in HOM than in NOM grain across a range of production environments. Modelling with livestock ration balancing software showed that the additional amino acids and oil in HOM added 12–20% to its value as livestock feed.
High Degree of Crystalline Perfection in Spontaneously Grown GaN Nanowires
- Kris A. Bertness, J. B. Schlager, N. A. Sanford, A. Roshko, T. E. Harvey, A. V. Davydov, I. Levin, M. D. Vaudin, J. M. Barker, P. T. Blanchard, L. H. Robins
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 892 / 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 0892-FF31-03
- Print publication:
- 2005
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We have grown a variety of isolated GaN nanowires using gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and characterized their structural and optical properties. The nanowires have demonstrated a number of promising materials characteristics, including low defect density and high luminescent intensity. Well-separated nanowires formed spontaneously on Si(111) substrates after deposition of a thin AlN buffer layer. Metal catalysts were not used. X-ray diffraction indicates that the c and a lattice parameters are within 0.01 % of the lattice parameters of bulk GaN. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the nanowires to be free of dislocations and stacking faults, although a GaN matrix layer growing at the base of the wires was found to have a high density of basal plane stacking faults. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared favorably with a free-standing, thick film of high quality GaN. Several features of the low temperature PL spectra also indicated that the nanowires had few structural defects or chemical impurities. Finally, electrical characterization of dispersed nanowires demonstrated that efficient electrical contacts could be made and that the resistivity of the nanowires was comparable to that of bulk material.